Tao te ching and chuang tzu5/23/2023 ![]() Likewise, the style of the text (discussed in more detail below) exists as evidence of an utterly original thinker. ![]() ![]() In the first case, his text contains copious references to geographical places, ruling families, and other philosophers (namely Confucius and Huizi), which have allowed scholars to (fairly decisively) place him within the fourth century B.C.E. Unlike the cryptic Dao De Jing ( Tao Te Ching), the Zhuangzi as a text offers some valuable clues towards the historicity and identity of Zhuangzi. He is described turning down an official political appointment, preferring to "drag his tail in the mud" instead of slaving away at the behest of a ruler (Chan 1963 Fowler 2005). His biography, written by the historian Sima Qian, states that his personal name was "Zhou" and that he dwelt in Honan province, working in the Lacquer Garden (though the precise meaning of this phrase is presently unknown). Little is known about the historical Zhuangzi. ![]()
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